ANIDULAFUNGIN ACCORD 100MG Powder for concentrate for solution for infusion

Pharmacotherapeutic group: antimycotics for systemic use, other antimycotics for systemic use, ATC code: J02AX06 Mechanism of action Anidulafungin is a semi-synthetic echinocandin, a lipopeptide synthesised from a fermentation product of Aspergillus nidulans. Anidulafungin selectively inhibits 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase, an enzyme present in fungal cells but not in mammalian cells.​​​‍​​‍​​​​‍​​‍‍ This leads to inhibition of the formation of 1,3-β-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. Anidulafungin exhibits fungicidal activity against Candida species and activity against regions of active cell growth of Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae. In vitro efficacy Anidulafungin is active in vitro against Candida species C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis. The clinical relevance of these findings is described in the section "Clinical efficacy and safety". Isolates with mutations in hot spot regions of the target gene have been associated with clinical treatment failure or breakthrough infections. Most clinical cases involved caspofungin treatment. However, in animal studies these mutations confer cross-resistance to all three echinocandins, and therefore these isolates are classified as echinocandin-resistant until further clinical experience with anidulafungin is available. The in vitro efficacy of anidulafungin against Candida species is not uniform. Specifically, for C. parapsilosis, anidulafungin MIC values are higher than for other Candida species. The standardised susceptibility testing procedure for Candida species against anidulafungin, as well as the corresponding interpretive breakpoints, have been established by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Susceptibility testing breakpoints The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) has established the following minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) interpretive criteria for anidulafungin susceptibility testing: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/other/minimum-inhibitory-concentration-mic-breakpoints_en.xlsx In vivo efficacy Parenterally administered anidulafungin was effective against Candida species in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse and rabbit models. Treatment with anidulafungin prolonged survival and also reduced Candida species organ burden when anidulafungin therapy was initiated within a 24- to 96-hour interval after the last treatment. Experimental infections included disseminated C. albicans infection in neutropenic rabbits, oesophageal/oral infection in neutropenic rabbits with a fluconazole-resistant strain of C. albicans, and disseminated infection in neutropenic mice with a fluconazole-resistant strain of C. glabrata. Clinical efficacy and safety Candidaemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis The safety and efficacy of anidulafungin were evaluated in a pivotal randomised, double-blind, multicentre, multinational phase 3 study primarily in non-neutropenic patients with candidaemia and in a limited number of patients with deep-tissue Candida infection or abscess-forming infection. Patients with Candida endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or meningitis, or with infection caused by C. krusei were excluded from the study. Randomised patients received anidulafungin i.v. (200 mg loading dose followed by 100 mg daily), or fluconazole i.v. (800 mg loading dose followed by 400 mg daily). Patients were stratified by APACHE II score (≤20 and >20) and the presence or absence of neutropenia. Treatment was administered for at least 14 days and no longer than 42 days. Patients in both study arms could switch to oral fluconazole after at least 10 days of intravenous therapy, provided they were able to tolerate oral medicinal products, had been afebrile for at least the previous 24 hours, and the last blood cultures were Candida-negative. Patients who received at least one dose of study medication and who had a positive culture for Candida species from a normally sterile site prior to study enrolment were included in the MITT (modified intent-to-treat) population. In the primary efficacy analysis of global response in the MITT population at the end of intravenous therapy, anidulafungin was compared with fluconazole in a pre-specified two-step statistical comparison (non-inferiority followed by superiority). Successful global response required clinical improvement and microbiological eradication. Patients were followed for 6 weeks after end of treatment. Two hundred and fifty-six patients (aged 16–91 years) were randomised and received at least one dose of study medication. The most frequently isolated species at baseline were C. albicans (63.8% anidulafungin, 59.3% fluconazole), followed by C. glabrata (15.7%; 25.4%), C. parapsilosis (10.2%; 13.6%), and C. tropicalis (11.8%; 9.3%), with 20, 13, and 15 isolates of the last 3 species respectively in the anidulafungin group. The majority of patients had an APACHE II score of 20 or less and very few were neutropenic. Efficacy data, overall and by subgroup, are presented in Table 3. Table 3. Global success in the MITT population: primary and secondary endpoints Anidulafungin Fluconazole Treatment difference a (95% CI) End of i.v. therapy (primary endpoint) 96/127 (75.6%) 71/118 (60.2%) 15.42 (3.9; 27.0) Candidaemia only 88/116 (75.9%) 63/103 (61.2%) 14.7 (2.5; 26.9) Other sterile sites b 8/11 (72.7%) 8/15 (53.3%) - Peritoneal fluid/IA c abscess 6/8 5/8 Other 2/3 3/7 C. albicans d 60/74 (81.1%) 38/61 (62.3%) - Non-albicans species d 32/45 (71.1%) 27/45 (60.0%) - APACHE II score ≤20 82/101 (81.2%) 60/98 (61.2%) - APACHE II score >20 14/26 (53.8%) 11/20 (55.0%) - Non-neutropenic (ANC, cells/mm 3 >500) 94/124 (75.8%) 69/114 (60.5%) - Neutropenic (ANC, cells/mm 3 ≤500) 2/3 2/4 - Other endpoints End of all therapy 94/127 (74.0%) 67/118 (56.8%) 17.24 (2.9; 31.6) e 2-week follow-up 82/127 (64.6%) 58/118 (49.2%) 15.41 (0.4; 30.4) e 6-week follow-up 71/127 (55.9%) 52/118 (44.1%) 11.84 (-3.4; 27.0) e a Calculated as anidulafungin minus fluconazole b With or without concurrent candidaemia c Intra-abdominal d Data presented for patients with a single baseline pathogen e 98.3% confidence intervals adjusted post hoc for multiple comparisons of secondary endpoints Mortality rates in both the anidulafungin and fluconazole arms are presented in Table 4. Table 4. Mortality Anidulafungin Fluconazole Overall study mortality 29/127 (22.8%) 37/118 (31.4%) Mortality during study therapy 10/127 (7.9%) 17/118 (14.4%) Mortality attributed to Candida infection 2/127 (1.6%) 5/118 (4.2%) Additional data in neutropenic patients The efficacy of anidulafungin (200 mg intravenous loading dose followed by 100 mg intravenous daily dose) in adult neutropenic patients (defined as absolute neutrophil count ≤500 cells/mm 3 , white blood cell count ≤500 cells/mm 3 , or patients classified by the investigator as having neutropenia at study entry) with microbiologically confirmed invasive candidiasis was evaluated in a pooled data analysis from 5 prospective studies (1 comparative versus caspofungin and 4 open-label, non-comparative). Patients were treated for a minimum of 14 days. Clinically stable patients were permitted to switch to oral azole therapy after at least 5 to 10 days of anidulafungin treatment. A total of 46 patients were included in the analysis. The majority of patients had candidaemia only (84.8%; 39/46). The most common pathogens isolated at baseline were C. tropicalis (34.8%; 16/46), C. krusei (19.6%; 9/46), C. parapsilosis (17.4%; 8/46), C. albicans (15.2%; 7/46), and C. glabrata (15.2%; 7/46). The successful global response rate at the end of intravenous therapy (primary endpoint) was 26/46 (56.5%) and at the end of all therapy was 24/46 (52.2%). All-cause mortality up to the end of the study (6-week follow-up visit) was 21/46 (45.7%). The efficacy of anidulafungin in adult neutropenic patients (defined as absolute neutrophil count ≤500 cells/mm 3 at study entry) with invasive candidiasis was evaluated in a prospective, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. Eligible patients received either anidulafungin (200 mg intravenous loading dose followed by 100 mg intravenous daily dose) or caspofungin (70 mg intravenous loading dose followed by 50 mg intravenous daily dose) (2:1 randomisation). Patients were treated for a minimum of 14 days. Clinically stable patients were permitted to switch to oral azole therapy after at least 10 days of study treatment. A total of 14 neutropenic patients with microbiologically confirmed invasive candidiasis (MITT population) were enrolled (11 received anidulafungin, 3 caspofungin). The majority of patients had candidaemia only. The most common pathogens isolated at baseline were C. tropicalis (4 anidulafungin, 0 caspofungin), C. parapsilosis (2 anidulafungin, 1 caspofungin), C. krusei (2 anidulafungin, 1 caspofungin), and C. ciferrii (2 anidulafungin, 0 caspofungin). The successful global response rate at the end of intravenous therapy (primary endpoint) was 8/11 (72.7%) for anidulafungin and 3/3 (100.0%) for caspofungin (difference -27.3, 95% CI -80.9, 40.3). The successful global response rate at the end of all therapy was 8/11 (72.7%) for anidulafungin and 3/3 (100.0%) for caspofungin (difference -27.3, 95% CI -80.9, 40.3). All-cause mortality up to the 6-week follow-up visit was 4/11 (36.4%) for anidulafungin (MITT population) and 2/3 (66.7%) for caspofungin. Patients with microbiologically confirmed invasive candidiasis (MITT population) and neutropenia were identified in a pooled data analysis from 4 studies with a similar design in a prospective, open-label clinical trial without a comparator. The efficacy of anidulafungin (200 mg intravenous loading dose followed by 100 mg intravenous daily dose) was evaluated in 35 adult neutropenic patients, defined as absolute neutrophil count ≤500 cells/mm 3 in 22 patients, or white blood cell count ≤500 cells/mm 3 in 13 patients classified by the investigator as having neutropenia at study entry. Patients were treated for a minimum of 14 days. Clinically stable patients were permitted to switch to oral azole therapy after at least 5 to 10 days of anidulafungin treatment. The majority of patients had candidaemia only (85.7%). The most common pathogens isolated at baseline were C. tropicalis (12 patients), C. albicans (7 patients), C. glabrata (7 patients), C. krusei (7 patients), and C. parapsilosis (6 patients). The successful global response rate at the end of intravenous therapy (primary endpoint) was 18/35 (51.4%) and at the end of all therapy was 16/35 (45.7%). All-cause mortality at day 28 was 10/35 (28.6%). The successful global response rate at the end of intravenous therapy and at the end of all therapy was 7/13 (53.8%) in the 13 patients with neutropenia as assessed by the investigator at study entry. Additional data in patients with deep-tissue infections The efficacy of anidulafungin (200 mg intravenous loading dose followed by 100 mg intravenous daily dose) in adult patients with microbiologically confirmed deep-tissue candidiasis was evaluated in a pooled data analysis from 5 prospective studies (1 comparative and 4 open-label). Patients were treated for a minimum of 14 days. In the 4 open-label studies, clinically stable patients were permitted to switch to oral azole therapy after at least 5 to 10 days of anidulafungin treatment. A total of 129 patients were included in the analysis. Twenty-one (16.3%) had concurrent candidaemia. The mean APACHE II score was 14.9 (range 2–44). The most common sites of infection included the peritoneal cavity (54.3%; 70 of 129), biliary tract (7.0%; 9 of 129), pleural cavity (5.4%; 7 of 129), and kidneys (3.1%; 4 of 129). The most common pathogens isolated from deep tissues at baseline included C. albicans (64.3%; 83 of 129), C. glabrata (31.0%; 40 of 129), C. tropicalis (11.6%; 15 of 129), and C. krusei (5.4%; 7 of 129). The successful global response rate at the end of intravenous therapy (primary endpoint) and at the end of all therapy, and all-cause mortality up to the 6-week follow-up visit are presented in Table 5. Table 5. Successful global response rate a and all-cause mortality in patients with deep-tissue candidiasis – pooled analysis MITT population n/N (%) Successful global response at EOIVT b Total 102/129 (79.1) Peritoneal cavity 51/70 (72.9) Biliary tract 7/9 (77.8) Pleural cavity 6/7 (85.7) Kidneys 3/4 (75.0) Successful global response at EOT b 94/129 (72.9) All-cause mortality 40/129 (31.0) a Successful global response was defined as clinical and microbiological success of treatment. b EOIVT, End of Intravenous Treatment; EOT, End of All Treatment Paediatric population In a prospective, open-label, non-comparative, multinational study, the safety and efficacy of anidulafungin were evaluated in 68 paediatric patients aged 1 month to <18 years with invasive candidiasis including candidaemia (ICC). Patients were stratified by age (1 month to <2 years, 2 years to <5 years, and 5 years to <18 years) and received anidulafungin intravenously once daily for up to 35 days (loading dose of 3.0 mg/kg on day 1 followed by a maintenance dose of 1.5 mg/kg daily), after which patients could be switched to oral fluconazole (6–12 mg/kg/day, maximum 800 mg/day). Follow-up visits were conducted at 2 and 6 weeks after EOT. Of 68 patients who received anidulafungin, 64 patients had microbiologically confirmed Candida infection and efficacy was evaluated in the MITT (modified intent-to-treat) population. A total of 61 patients (92.2%) had a Candida pathogen isolated from blood only. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Candida albicans (25 [39.1%] patients), Candida parapsilosis (17 [26.6%] patients), and Candida tropicalis (9 [14.1%] patients). Successful global response was defined as successful clinical response (cure or improvement) and successful microbiological response (eradication or presumed eradication). Successful global response rates in the MITT population are presented in Table 6. Table 6. Summary of successful global response by age, MITT population Successful global response, n (%) Endpoint Global 1 month to <2 years 2 years to 5 years to <18 years Total response (N = 16) n (n/N, %) <5 years (N = 18) n (n/N, %) (N = 30) n (n/N, %) (N = 64) n (n/N, %) EOIVT successful 11 (68.8) 14 (77.8) 20 (66.7) 45 (70.3) 95% CI (41.3; 89.0) (52.4; 93.6) (47.2; 82.7) (57.6; 81.1) EOT successful 11 (68.8) 14 (77.8) 21 (70.0) 46 (71.9) 95% CI (41.3; 89.0) (52.4; 93.6) (50.6; 85.3) (59.2; 82.4) 2-week follow-up successful 11 (68.8) 13 (72.2) 22 (73.3) 46 (71.9) 95% CI (41.3; 89.0) (46.5; 90.3) (54.1; 87.7) (59.2; 82.4) 6-week follow-up successful 11 (68.8) 12 (66.7) 20 (66.7) 43 (67.2) 95% CI (41.3; 89.0) (41.0; 86.7) (47.2; 82.7) (54.3; 78.4) 95% CI = confidence interval for the binomial distribution parameter using the Clopper-Pearson method; EOIVT = End of Intravenous Treatment; EOT = End of All Treatment; FU = follow-up; MITT = modified intent-to-treat; N = number of subjects in the population; n = number of responding subjects