Testosterone

58-22-0Y Interactive image CHEBI:17347Y ChEMBL386630Y 5791Y DB00624Y 200-370-5 D00075Y 6013 3XMK78S47OY DTXSID8022371 InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1YKey: MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-NY O=C1C=C2[C@](C)(CC1)[C@H]3CC[C@]4(C)[C@H](CC[C@H]4[C@@H]3CC2)O EUEMA:by INN Testosteroneis the primary malesex hormoneandandrogeninmales.In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development ofmale reproductivetissues such astesticlesandprostate, as well as promotingsecondary sexual characteristicssuch as increasedmuscleandbonemass, and the growth ofbody hair. It is associated with increasedaggression,sex drive,dominance,courtship display, and a wide range of behavioral characteristics.In addition, testosterone in both sexes is involved in health and well-being, where it has a significant effect on overall mood, cognition, social and sexual behavior, metabolism and energy output, the cardiovascular system, and in the prevention ofosteoporosis.Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty, accumulation of adipose fat tissue within the body, anxiety and depression, sexual performance issues, and bone loss. Excessive levels of testosterone in men may be associated withhyperandrogenism, higher risk ofheart failure, increasedmortalityin men withprostate cancer,andmale pattern baldness. Testosterone is asteroid hormonefrom theandrostaneclass containing aketoneand ahydroxylgroup at positions three and seventeen respectively. It isbiosynthesizedin several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites.It exerts its action through binding to and activation of theandrogen receptor.In humans and most othervertebrates, testosterone is secreted primarily by thetesticlesof males and, to a lesser extent, theovariesoffemales. On average, in adult males, levels of testosterone are about seven to eight times as great as in adult females.As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced, the daily production is about 20 times greater in men.Females are also more sensitive to the hormone.[page needed] In addition to its role as a natural hormone, testosterone is used as amedicationto treathypogonadismandbreast cancer.Sincetestosterone levels decrease as men age, testosterone is sometimes used in older men to counteract this deficiency. It is also used illicitly toenhance physique and performance, for instance inathletes.TheWorld Anti-Doping Agencylists it as S1 Anabolic agent substance "prohibited at all times".