AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE MONOHYDRATE; AMPHETAMINE SULFATE; DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SACCHARATE; DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE

USDailyMed:Amphetamine N06BA01(WHO)N06BA02(WHO)N06BA12(WHO) AU:S8(Controlled drug)BR:Class A3(Psychoactive drugs)CA:Schedule IDE:Anlage III(Special prescription form required)NZ:Class BUK:Class BUS:Schedule IIUN:Psychotropic Schedule IISE: Förteckning II (in some forms, likeDextroamphetamineandLisdexamfetamine) (RS)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine 300-62-9Y 3007 4804 DB00182Y 13852819Y CK833KGX7E D07445Y CHEBI:2679Y ChEMBL405Y 018564 DTXSID4022600 Interactive image NC(C)Cc1ccccc1 InChI=1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3YKey:KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-NY Amphetamineis acentral nervous system(CNS)stimulantthat is used in the treatment ofattention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) andnarcolepsy; it is also used to treatbinge eating disorderin the form oflisdexamfetamine. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as anathletic performance enhancerandcognitive enhancer, and recreationally as anaphrodisiacandeuphoriant. It is aprescription drugin many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use. Amphetamine was discovered as a chemical in 1887 byLazăr Edeleanu, and then as a drug in the late 1920s. Amphetamine's efficacy for ADHD wasdiscovered by accidentin 1937, when Dr. Charles Bradleyadministered amphetamine to childrenfor headaches after a medical procedure, which led to unanticipated improvements in school behavioral measures, attention, and motivation to study. This was apparent even to the children, who began to call the medication “arithmetic pills” as a result of the improvement of their academic performance. It exists as twoenantiomers:levoamphetamineanddextroamphetamine. The first amphetamine pharmaceutical wasBenzedrine.Pharmaceutical amphetamineis prescribed as racemic amphetamine,Adderall,dextroamphetamine, orlisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine increasesmonoamineandexcitatoryneurotransmissionin the brain, with its most pronounced effects targeting thenorepinephrineanddopamineneurotransmitter systems. At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such aseuphoria, change indesire for sex, increasedwakefulness, and improvedcognitive control. It induces physical effects such as improved reaction time, fatigue resistance,decreased appetite, elevated heart rate, and increased muscle strength. Larger doses of amphetamine may impair cognitive function and inducerapid muscle breakdown.Addictionis a serious risk with heavy recreational amphetamine use, but is unlikely to occur from long-term medical use at therapeutic doses. Very high doses can result inpsychosis, which rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during long-term use. Recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects. Amphetamine belongs to thephenethylamine class. It is also the parent compound of its own structural class, thesubstituted amphetamines,which includes prominent substances such asbupropion,cathinone,MDMA, andmethamphetamine. As a member of the phenethylamine class, amphetamine is also chemically related to the naturally occurringtrace amineneuromodulators, specificallyphenethylamineandN-methylphenethylamine, both of which are produced within the human body. Phenethylamine is the parent compound of amphetamine, whileN-methylphenethylamineis apositional isomerof amphetamine that differs only in the placement of themethyl group.