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Tuberculosis Research InstituteSchering AGUniversity of LausanneTrinity College, Dublin Mahmoud Kamal Muftić(or Mahmut Kemal Muftić; born 14 January 1919– died September 1971)was aBosnian Muslimmedical researcher and political activist during theCold War. He worked in biomedical science, combining it with unconventional research intohypnosisandmetaphysicaltopics, and was a key figure bridgingpan-Islamist,anti-communist, and Croatian nationalist exile movements. Muftić spent most of his adult life between Europe and the Middle East, involved in exile communities, revolutionary politics, and intelligence networks. He died in 1971 under circumstances that remain unclear, reportedly havingclaimed to sufferfromradioactive poisoning. Muftić grew up inSarajevoin a prominent Bosnian Muslim family rooted in Islamic scholarship and theNaqshbandiSufitradition. He reportedly earned a medical degree in Zagreb in 1944. Following the collapse of theIndependent State of Croatiaand the communist takeover ofYugoslavia, he fled the country amid a broader wave of political displacement. By 1948, he had joined theArab Liberation Armyduring thePalestine warand was granted asylum inEgypt, marking the start of a twelve-year exile across theMiddle East, with periods in Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Palestine. In Egypt Muftić quickly embedded himself in Islamist circles tied to theMuslim Brotherhood, and married a cousin of the Brotherhood's preeminent leader from the 1950s,Said Ramadan. He later moved to West Germany and Switzerland, becoming a director atSchering(nowBayer) inWest Berlin. He was living inDublinat the time of his death. Between the 1950s and early 1970s, Muftić published extensively onenzymology,immunopathologicalprocesses, and disease mechanisms, particularly in relation totuberculosis,fungal infections, anddrug development. At the same time, he pursued research into the biochemical basis ofhypnosisalongside more speculative investigations intopsychokinesisandauraphenomena. He also wrote onIslamic theology, showing an interest inmedical ethicsfrom an Islamic perspective.His work reflected an unusual attempt to bridge conventional medical science with experimental and fringe fields.William Joseph Bryandescribed Muftić as "a true scientist in every way [who] always looked for physical and chemical explanations of psychological problems. He frequently took as his mottoGerard'sfamous statement, 'there can be no twisted thought without a twisted molecule.'" Muftić is best known for his attempt to forge a Cold War alliance between pan-Islamist movements and the Croatian radical nationalist diaspora. As secretary-general of theCroatian National Resistance(HNO), he served as the key link between the Muslim Brotherhood and Croatian émigré networks.In the early 1960s, he launched Operation Orient, a bold campaign ofguerrilla diplomacyto form a Croatian government in exile that would be recognized by Arab states and admitted to theArab Leagueas an Islamic state.In this government he would serve as its envoy to the Arab world, effectively its foreign minister. The initiative collapsed as a result of HNO infighting, and Muftić—suspected by both allies and enemies of intelligence ties—was eventually left politically isolated. TheEmpire Never Endedpodcast episode "Mustasha Brotherhood – The Mahmut Muftić Story" described him as "the enigmatic Ustasha who forged an unlikely alliance between the Muslim Brotherhood and Croatian National Resistance."Despite his efforts to connect worlds that few others ever combined, Muftić ended as a restless and isolated exile, shaped by the shadow conflicts of the Cold War.