CALCIUM ASCORBATE

Kidney stone diseaseorurinary stone diseaseis acrystallopathythat occurs when there is an excess of minerals in the urine and not enough liquid or hydration.‍‍‍‍‍‍​​​‍​​​​​​ This imbalance causes tiny crystals to aggregate and form hard masses, or calculi (stones), in the upperurinary tract. Because renal calculi typically form in thekidney, if small enough they may pass out of the urinary tract through the urine stream. A small calculus may pass without causing any symptoms. However, if a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2 inches), it can cause blockage of theureter, resulting in extremely sharp and severe pain (renal colic) in the lower back that often radiates to the groin. A calculus may also result inblood in the urine, vomiting (owing to severe pain),swelling of the kidney, orpainful urination. About half of all people who have had a kidney stone are likely to develop another within ten years. Renalis Latin for "kidney", whilenephrois the Greek equivalent.Lithiasis(Greek) andcalculus(Latin; plural calculi) both mean stone. Most calculi form by a combination ofgeneticsand environmental factors. Risk factors include high urine calcium levels,obesity, certain foods, some medications,calcium supplements,gout,hyperparathyroidism, and not drinking enough fluids. Calculi form in the kidney when minerals inurineare at high concentrations. The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms,urine testing, andmedical imaging.Blood testsmay also be useful. Calculi are typically classified by their location, being referred to medically as nephrolithiasis (in the kidney),ureterolithiasis(in theureter), orcystolithiasis(in thebladder). Calculi are also classified by what they are made of, such ascalcium oxalate,uric acid,struvite, orcystine. In those who have had renal calculi, drinking fluids, especially water, is a way to prevent them. Drinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day is recommended. If fluid intake alone is not effective, medications such asthiazide diuretics,citrate, orallopurinolmay be suggested. Soft drinks containingphosphoric acid(typicallycolas) should be avoided. When a calculus causes no symptoms, no treatment is needed. For those with symptoms, pain control is usually the first measure, using medications such asnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsoropioids. Larger calculi may be helped to pass with the medicationtamsulosinor may require procedures for removal such asextracorporeal shockwave therapy(ESWT),laser lithotripsy(LL), orpercutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL). Renal calculi have affected humans throughout history, with descriptions of surgery to remove them dating from as early as 600 BC in ancient India bySushruta. Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by renal calculi at some point in their lives. In 2015, about 22.1 million cases occurred, resulting in about 16,100 deaths. They have become more common in theWestern worldsince the 1970s. Generally, more men are affected than women, mainly between the ages of 40 and 60. The prevalence and incidence of the disease continue to rise worldwide.