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Source
TFDA
69.723±0.00169.723±0.001(abridged)
1st: 578.8 kJ/mol2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol3rd: 2963 kJ/mol(more)
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Galliumis achemical element; it hassymbolGaandatomic number31. Discovered by the French chemistPaul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudranin Paris, France, 1875,elemental gallium is a soft, silvery metal atstandard temperature and pressure. In its liquid state, it becomes silvery white. If enough force is applied, solid gallium may fractureconchoidally. Since its discovery in 1875, gallium has widely been used to makealloyswith low melting points. It is also used insemiconductors, as adopantin semiconductor substrates.
The melting point of gallium, 29.7646 °C (85.5763 °F; 302.9146 K), is used as a temperature reference point. Gallium alloys are used in thermometers as a non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternative tomercury, and can withstand higher temperatures than mercury. A melting point of −19 °C (−2 °F), well below the freezing point of water, is claimed for the alloygalinstan(62–95% gallium, 5–22%indium, and 0–16%tinby weight), but that may be the freezing point with the effect ofsupercooling.
Gallium does not occur as a free element in nature, but rather as gallium(III) compounds in trace amounts inzincores (such assphalerite) and inbauxite. Elemental gallium is a liquid at temperatures greater than 30 °C (86 °F), and will melt in a person's hands at normal human body temperature of 37 °C (99 °F).
Gallium is predominantly used in electronics.Gallium arsenide, the primary chemical compound of gallium in electronics, is used inmicrowavecircuits, high-speed switching circuits, andinfraredcircuits. Semiconductinggallium nitrideandindium gallium nitrideproduce blue and violetlight-emitting diodesanddiode lasers. Gallium is also used in the production of artificialgadolinium gallium garnetfor jewelry. It has no known natural role in biology. Gallium(III) behaves in a similar manner toferricsalts in biological systems and has been used in some medical applications, including pharmaceuticals andradiopharmaceuticals.
⚠️ Warnings
Metallic gallium is not toxic. However, several gallium compounds are toxic.
Gallium halide complexes can be toxic.The Ga3+ion of soluble gallium salts tends to form the insoluble hydroxide when injected in large doses; precipitation of this hydroxide resulted innephrotoxicityin animals. In lower doses, soluble gallium is tolerated well and does not accumulate as a poison, instead being excreted mostly through urine. Excretion of gallium occurs in two phases: the first phase has abiological half-lifeof 1 hour, while the second has a biological half-life of 25 hours.
Inhaled Ga2O3particles are probably toxic.
