QUINA PONITANIN LIQUID

around 38 species; see§ Species Cinchona(pronounced/sɪŋˈkoʊnə/or/sɪnˈtʃoʊnə/) is agenusof flowering plants in the familyRubiaceaecontaining at least 23 species of trees and shrubs.‍‍‍‍‍‍​​​‍​​​​​​ All are native to thetropical Andean forestsof westernSouth America. A few species are reportedlynaturalizedinCentral America,Jamaica,French Polynesia,Sulawesi,Saint Helenain theSouth Atlantic, andSão Tomé and Príncipeoff the coast of tropical Africa, and others have been cultivated inIndiaandJava, where they have formed hybrids. Cinchonahas been historically sought after for its medicinal value, as the bark of several species yieldsquinineand otheralkaloids. Trees in the genus are also known asfever treesbecause of their antimalarial properties.These were the only effective treatments againstmalariaduring the height ofEuropean colonialism, which made them of great economic and political importance. Europeans appropriated indigenous peoples' contributions to medicinal knowledge about cinchona, omitting them from scientific accounts.Mass production of quinine from cinchona funneled wealth to Europe and enforced colonial power dynamics in South America. The artificialsynthesisof quinine in 1944, an increase in resistant forms of malaria, and the emergence of alternate therapies eventually ended large-scale economic interest inCinchonacultivation.Cinchonaalkaloids show promise in treatingPlasmodium falciparummalaria, which has evolved resistance to synthetic drugs, reinforcing the plant's medicinal significance 400 years after Europeans' first documentation of its quinine. Cinchona plants continue to be revered for their historical legacy; thenational tree of Peruis in the genusCinchona.