Eltrombopag

USDailyMed:Etanercept AU:D L04AB01(WHO) AU:S4(Prescription only)CA:℞-only/ Schedule DUK:POM(Prescription only)US:℞-onlyEU:Rx-only 185243-69-0 7847807 DB00005 None OP401G7OJC D00742 ChEMBL1201572 DTXSID8040850 Etanercept, sold under the brand nameEnbrelamong others, is abiologic medical productthat is used to treatautoimmune diseasesby interfering withtumor necrosis factor(TNF), a soluble inflammatory cytokine, by acting as aTNF inhibitor. It has USFood and Drug Administration(FDA) approval to treatrheumatoid arthritis,juvenile idiopathic arthritisandpsoriatic arthritis,plaque psoriasisandankylosing spondylitis. TNF is the "master regulator" of the inflammatory (immune) response in many organ systems. Autoimmune diseases are caused by an overactive immune response. Etanercept has the potential to treat these diseases by inhibiting TNF. Etanercept is afusion proteinproduced byrecombinant DNA. It fuses the TNF receptor to the constant end of the IgG1 antibody. First, the developers isolated the DNA sequence that codes the human gene for solubleTNF receptor 2, which is a receptor that binds to tumor necrosis factor. Second, they isolated the DNA sequence that codes the human gene for theFcend ofimmunoglobulin G1(IgG1). Third, they linked the DNA for TNF receptor 2 to the DNA for IgG1 Fc. Finally, they expressed the linked DNA to produce a protein that links the protein for TNF receptor 2 to the protein for IgG1 Fc. The prototypic fusion protein was first synthesized and shown to be highly active and unusually stable as a modality for blockade of TNFin vivoin the early 1990s byBruce A. Beutler, an academic researcher then at theUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, and his colleagues. These investigators also patented the protein,selling all rights to its use toImmunex, a Seattle biotechnology company that was acquired byAmgenin 2002. It is a large molecule, with a molecular weight of 150kDa, that binds to TNFα and decreases its role in disorders involving excess inflammation in humans and other animals, includingautoimmune diseasessuch asankylosing spondylitis,juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,psoriasis,psoriatic arthritis,rheumatoid arthritis, and, potentially, in a variety of other disorders mediated by excess TNFα. Etanercept is a therapeutic alternative on theWorld Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.