Fasenra

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases, other systemic drugs for obstructive airway diseases, ATC code: R03DX10 Mechanism of action Benralizumab is an anti‑eosinophil, humanised afucosylated, monoclonal antibody (IgG1, kappa).‍‍‍‍‍‍​​​‍​​​​​​ It specifically binds to the alpha subunit of the human interleukin‑5 receptor (IL‑5Rα). The IL‑5 receptor is specifically expressed on the surface of eosinophils and basophils. The absence of fucose in the Fc domain of benralizumab results in high affinity for FcɣRIII receptors on immune effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells. This leads to apoptosis of eosinophils and basophils through enhanced antibody‑dependent cell‑mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), which reduces eosinophilic inflammation. Pharmacodynamic effects Effect on blood eosinophils In patients with asthma, treatment with benralizumab results in near complete depletion of blood eosinophils within 24 hours following the first dose which is maintained throughout treatment. The depletion of blood eosinophils is accompanied by a reduction in serum eosinophil granule proteins (eosinophil derived neurotoxin [EDN] and eosinophil cationic protein [ECP]) and a reduction in blood basophils. In patients with EGPA, depletion of blood eosinophils was consistent with the effect observed in asthma trials. Blood eosinophil depletion was seen at the first observed time point, 1 week of treatment, and was maintained throughout the 52‑week treatment period. Effect on eosinophils in the airway mucosa The effect of benralizumab on eosinophils in the airway mucosa in asthmatic patients with elevated sputum eosinophil counts (at least 2.5%) was evaluated in a 12-week, phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study with benralizumab 100 or 200 mg administered subcutaneously. In this study, there was a median reduction from baseline in airway mucosa eosinophils of 96% in the benralizumab-treated group compared to a 47% reduction in the placebo group (p=0.039). Clinical efficacy Asthma The efficacy of benralizumab was evaluated in 3 randomised, double‑blind, parallel‑group, placebo‑controlled clinical trials between 28 to 56 weeks duration, in patients aged 12 to 75 years. In these studies, benralizumab was administered at a dose of 30 mg once every 4 weeks for the first 3 doses, and then every 4 or 8 weeks thereafter as add‑on to background treatment and was evaluated in comparison with placebo. The two exacerbation trials, SIROCCO (Trial 1) and CALIMA (Trial 2), enrolled a total of 2 510 patients with severe uncontrolled asthma, 64% females, with a mean age of 49 years. Patients had a history of 2 or more asthma exacerbations requiring oral or systemic corticosteroid treatment (mean of 3) in the past 12 months, Asthma Control Questionnaire-6 (ACQ‑6) score of 1.5 or more at screening, and reduced lung function at baseline (mean predicted pre‑bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV 1 ] of 57.5%), despite regular treatment with high‑dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (Trial 1) or with medium or high‑dose ICS (Trial 2) and a long‑acting β‑agonist (LABA); at least one additional controller was administered to 51% and 41% of these patients, respectively. For the oral corticosteroid (OCS) reduction trial ZONDA (Trial 3), a total of 220 asthma patients (61% female; mean age of 51 years) were enrolled; they were treated with daily OCS (8 to 40 mg per day; median of 10 mg) in addition to regular use of high‑dose ICS and LABA with at least one additional controller to maintain asthma control in 53% of the cases. The trial included an 8‑week run‑in period during which the OCS was titrated to the minimum effective dose without losing asthma control. Patients had blood eosinophil counts ≥150 cells/µL and a history of at least one exacerbation in the past 12 months. While 2 dose regimens were studied in Trials 1, 2, and 3, the recommended dose regimen is benralizumab administered every 4 weeks for the first 3 doses, then every 8 weeks thereafter (see section 4.2) as no additional benefit was observed by more frequent dosing. The results summarised below are those for the recommended dose regimen. Exacerbation trials The primary endpoint was the annual rate of clinically significant asthma exacerbations in patients with baseline blood eosinophil counts ≥300 cells/µL who were taking high‑dose ICS and LABA. Clinically significant asthma exacerbation was defined as worsening of asthma requiring use of oral/systemic corticosteroids for at least 3 days, and/or emergency department visits requiring use of oral/systemic corticosteroids and/or hospitalisation. For patients on maintenance OCS, this was defined as a temporary increase in stable oral/systemic corticosteroids for at least 3 days or a single depo‑injectable dose of corticosteroids. In both trials, patients receiving benralizumab experienced significant reductions in annual exacerbation rates compared to placebo in patients with blood eosinophils ≥300 cells/µL. In addition, change from baseline in mean FEV 1 showed benefit as early as 4 weeks, which was maintained through to end of treatment ( Table 2 ). Reductions in exacerbation rates were observed irrespective of baseline eosinophil count; however, increasing baseline eosinophil counts was identified as a potential predictor of improved treatment response particularly for FEV 1 . Table 2. Results of annual exacerbation rate and lung function at end of treatment of Trial 1 and 2 by eosinophil count. Trial 1 Trial 2 Benralizumab Placebo Benralizumab Placebo Blood eosinophil count ≥300 cells/µL a n =267 n =267 n =239 n =248 Clinically significant exacerbations Rate 0.74 1.52 0.73 1.01 Difference -0.78 -0.29 Rate ratio (95% CI) 0.49 (0.37, 0.64) 0.72 (0.54, 0.95) p‑value <0.001 0.019 Pre-bronchodilator FEV 1 (L) Mean baseline 1.660 1.654 1.758 1.815 Improvement from baseline 0.398 0.239 0.330 0.215 Difference (95% CI) 0.159 (0.068, 0.249) 0.116 (0.028, 0.204) p-value 0.001 0.010 Blood eosinophil count <300 cells/µL b n =131 n =140 n =125 n =122 Clinically significant exacerbations Rate 1.11 1.34 0.83 1.38 Difference -0.23 -0.55 Rate ratio (95% CI) 0.83 (0.59, 1.16) 0.60 (0.42, 0.86) Pre-bronchodilator FEV 1 (L) Mean change 0.248 0.145 0.140 0.156 Difference (95% CI) 0.102 (-0.003, 0.208) -0.015 (-0.127, 0.096) a. Intent-to-treat population (patients on high‑dose ICS and blood eosinophils ≥300 cells/µL). b. Not powered to detect a treatment difference in patients with blood eosinophils <300 cells/µL. Across Trials 1 and 2 combined, there was a numerically greater exacerbation rate reduction and greater improvements in FEV 1 with increasing baseline blood eosinophils. The rate of exacerbations requiring hospitalisation and/or emergency room visits for patients receiving benralizumab compared to placebo for Trial 1 were 0.09 versus 0.25 (rate ratio 0.37, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.67, p≤0.001) and for Trial 2 were 0.12 versus 0.10 (rate ratio 1.23, 95% CI: 0.64, 2.35, p=0.538). In Trial 2, there were too few events in the placebo treatment arm to draw conclusions for exacerbations requiring hospitalisation or emergency room visits. In both Trials 1 and 2, patients receiving benralizumab experienced statistically significant reductions in asthma symptoms (Total Asthma Score) compared to patients receiving placebo. Similar improvement in favour of benralizumab was observed for the ACQ‑6 and Standardised Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire for 12 Years and Older (AQLQ(S)+12) ( Table 3 ). Table 3. Treatment difference in mean change from baseline in total asthma symptom score, ACQ‑6 and AQLQ(s)+12 at end of treatment - Patients on high‑dose ICS and blood eosinophils ≥300 cells/µL Trial 1 Trial 2 Benralizumab (n a =267) Placebo (n a =267) Benralizumab (n a =239) Placebo (n a =248) Total asthma symptom score b Mean baseline 2.68 2.74 2.76 2.71 Improvement from baseline -1.30 -1.04 -1.40 -1.16 Difference (95% CI) -0.25 (-0.45, -0.06) -0.23 (-0.43, -0.04) p-value 0.012 0.019 ACQ-6 Mean baseline 2.81 2.90 2.80 2.75 Improvement from baseline -1.46 -1.17 -1.44 -1.19 Difference (95% CI) -0.29 (-0.48, -0.10) -0.25 (-0.44, -0.07) AQLQ(S)+12 Mean baseline 3.93 3.87 3.87 3.93 Improvement from baseline 1.56 1.26 1.56 1.31 Difference (95% CI) 0.30 (0.10, 0.50) 0.24 (0.04, 0.45) a. Number of patients (n) varies slightly due to the number of patients for whom data were available for each variable. Results shown based on last available data for each variable. b. Asthma symptom scale: total score from 0 (least) to 6 (most); day and night time asthma symptom scores from 0 (least) to 3 (most) symptoms. Individual day and night time scores were similar. Subgroup analyses by prior exacerbation history Subgroup analyses from Trials 1 and 2 identified patients with higher prior exacerbation history as a potential predictor of improved treatment response. When considered alone or in combination with baseline blood eosinophils count, these factors may further identify patients who may achieve greater response from benralizumab treatment ( Table 4 ). Table 4. Exacerbation rate and pulmonary function (FEV 1 ) at end of treatment by number of exacerbations in the previous year - Patients on high‑dose ICS and blood eosinophils ≥300 cells/µL Trial 1 Trial 2 Benralizumab (N=267) Placebo (N=267) Benralizumab (N=239) Placebo (N=248) Baseline of 2 exacerbations n 164 149 144 151 Exacerbation rate 0.57 1.04 0.63 0.62 Difference -0.47 0.01 Rate ratio (95% CI) 0.55 (0.37, 0.80) 1.01 (0.70, 1.46) Pre‑bronchodilator FEV 1 mean change 0.343 0.230 0.266 0.236 Difference (95% CI) 0.113 (-0.002, 0.228) 0.029 (-0.079, 0.137) Baseline of 3 or more exacerbations n 103 118 95 97 Exacerbation rate 0.95 2.23 0.82 1.65 Difference -1.28 -0.84 Rate ratio (95% CI) 0.43 (0.29, 0.63) 0.49 (0.33, 0.74) Pre‑bronchodilator FEV 1 mean change 0.486 0.251 0.440 0.174 Difference (95% CI) 0.235 (0.088, 0.382) 0.265 (0.115, 0.415) Oral corticosteroid dose reduction trials ZONDA (Trial 3), a placebo-controlled study, and PONENTE (Trial 6), a single arm, open-label study, evaluated the effect of benralizumab on reducing the use of maintenance OCS. In Trial 3, the primary endpoint was percent reduction from baseline of the final OCS dose during Weeks 24 to 28, while maintaining asthma control. Table 5 summarises the study results for Trial 3. Table 5. Effect of benralizumab on OCS dose reduction, Trial 3 Benralizumab (N=73) Placebo (N=75) Wilcoxon rank sum test (primary analysis method) Median % reduction in daily OCS dose from baseline (95% CI) 75 (60, 88) 25 (0, 33) Wilcoxon rank sum test p‑value <0.001 Proportional odds model (sensitivity analysis) Percent reduction in OCS from baseline at Week 28 ≥90% reduction 27 (37%) 9 (12%) ≥75% reduction 37 (51%) 15 (20%) ≥50% reduction 48 (66%) 28 (37%) >0% reduction 58 (79%) 40 (53%) No change or no decrease in OCS 15 (21%) 35 (47%) Odds ratio (95% CI) 4.12 (2.22, 7.63) Reduction in the daily OCS dose to 0 mg/day* 22 (52%) 8 (19%) Odds ratio (95% CI) 4.19 (1.58, 11.12) Reduction in the daily OCS dose to ≤5 mg/day 43 (59%) 25 (33%) Odds ratio (95% CI) 2.74 (1.41, 5.31) Exacerbation rate 0.54 1.83 Rate ratio (95% CI) 0.30 (0.17, 0.53) Exacerbation rate requiring hospitalisation/emergency room visit 0.02 0.32 Rate ratio (95% CI) 0.07 (0.01, 0.63) * Only patients with an optimised baseline OCS dose of 12.5 mg or less were eligible to achieve a 100% reduction in OCS dose during the study. Lung function, asthma symptom score, ACQ‑6 and AQLQ(S)+12 were also assessed in Trial 3 and showed results similar to those in Trials 1 and 2. Trial 6 enrolled 598 adult patients with severe asthma (blood eosinophil count ≥150 cells/µL at entry or ≥300 cells/µL in the past 12 months if study entry count was <150 cells/µL) who were oral corticosteroid-dependent. The primary endpoints were proportion of patients who eliminated OCS while maintaining asthma control and proportion of patients who achieved a final OCS dose less than or equal to 5 mg while maintaining asthma control and taking into account adrenal function. The proportion of patients who eliminated maintenance OCS was 62.9%. The proportion of patients who achieved an OCS dose less than or equal to 5 mg (while maintaining asthma control and not limited by adrenal function) was 81.9%. Effects on OCS reduction were similar irrespective of blood eosinophil count at study entry (including patients with blood eosinophils <150 cells/µL) and maintained over an additional period of 24 to 32 weeks. The annualised exacerbation rate in Trial 6 was comparable to that reported in previous trials. Long‑term extension trials The long-term efficacy and safety of benralizumab was evaluated in a phase 3, 56‑week extension trial BORA (Trial 4). The trial enrolled 2123 patients, 2037 adults and 86 adolescent patients (aged 12 years and older) from Trials 1, 2 and 3. Trial 4 assessed the long-term effect of benralizumab on annual exacerbation rate, lung function, ACQ-6, AQLQ(S)+12 and maintenance of OCS reduction at the 2 dose regimens studied in the predecessor studies. At the recommended dose regimen, the reduction in annual rate of exacerbations observed in the placebo-controlled predecessor Trials 1 and 2 (in patients with baseline blood eosinophil counts ≥300 cells/µL who were taking high‑dose ICS) was maintained over the second year of treatment ( Table 6 ). In patients who received benralizumab in predecessor Trials 1 and 2, 73% were exacerbation‑free in the extension Trial 4. Table 6. Exacerbations over an extended treatment period a Placebo b (N=338) Benralizumab (N=318) Trial 1 & 2 Trial 1 & 2 Trial 4 Trial 1, 2 & 4 c Rate 1.23 0.65 0.48 0.56 a. Patients that entered Trial 4 from predecessor Trials 1 and 2 with baseline blood eosinophil counts ≥300 cells/µL who were taking high-dose ICS. b. Placebo patients in Trials 1 and 2 are included up to the end of the predecessor trial (Week 48 in Trial 1, Week 56 in Trial 2). c. Total duration of treatment: 104 - 112 weeks Similar maintenance of effect was observed throughout Trial 4 in lung function, ACQ-6 and AQLQ(S)+12 ( Table 7 ). Table 7. Change from baseline for lung function, ACQ-6, and AQLQ(S)+12 a Trial 1 & 2 Baseline b Trial 1 & 2 EOT c Trial 4 EOT d Pre-bronchodilator FEV 1 (L) n 318 305 290 Mean baseline (SD) 1.741 (0.621) -- -- Change from baseline (SD) e -- 0.343 (0.507) 0.404 (0.555) ACQ-6 n 318 315 296 Mean baseline (SD) 2.74 (0.90) -- -- Change from baseline (SD) e -- -1.44 (1.13) -1.47 (1.05) AQLQ(S)+12 n 307 306 287 Mean baseline (SD) 3.90 (0.99) -- -- Change from baseline (SD) e -- 1.58 (1.23) 1.61 (1.21) n= number of patients with data at timepoint. SD = standard deviation a. Baseline blood eosinophil counts ≥300 cells/µL and taking high-dose ICS: benralizumab administered at the recommended dose regimen. b. Integrated analysis of Trial 1 and 2 baseline includes adults and adolescents. c. Integrated analysis at End of Treatment (EOT) of Trial 1 (Week 48) and Trial 2 (Week 56). d. EOT for Trial 4 was Week 48 (the last timepoint for adults and adolescent data). e. Baseline is prior to benralizumab treatment in Trial 1 and 2. Efficacy in Trial 4 was also evaluated in patients with baseline blood eosinophil counts <300 cells/µL and was consistent with Trials 1 and 2. Maintenance of the reduction in daily OCS dose was also observed over the extension trial in patients enrolled from Trial 3 ( Figure 1 ). Figure 1. Median percent reductions in daily OCS over time (Trial 3 and 4) a a. Predecessor Trial 3 patients who continued benralizumab treatment into Trial 4. Patients were permitted to enter a second extension trial after a minimum of 8 weeks in Trial 4 without completing the 56‑week extension period. In Trial 5, a second long-term safety extension study (see section 4.8), the annualised exacerbation rate (0.47) in patients receiving the approved dose regimen was comparable to that reported in the predecessor Trials 1, 2 (0.65) and 4 (0.48). Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) The efficacy of benralizumab was evaluated in a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, non‑inferiority clinical trial of 52-weeks treatment duration, in patients aged 18 years and older with EGPA. A total of 140 patients were randomised to receive either 30 mg of benralizumab or 300 mg of mepolizumab administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks. Patients enrolled had a history of relapsing or refractory disease and were on stable OCS therapy (OCS; ≥7.5 to ≤50 mg/day prednisolone/prednisone), with or without stable immunosuppressant therapy (excluding cyclophosphamide). The median baseline OCS daily dose was 10 mg and 36% were receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The OCS dose was tapered at the discretion of the investigator. Patients with active organ threatening or life-threatening EGPA were excluded from the trial. Remission The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects in remission, defined as Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS)=0 (no active vasculitis) plus prednisolone/prednisone dose ≤4 mg/day, at both Week 36 and Week 48. As shown in Table 8, benralizumab demonstrated non-inferiority to mepolizumab for the primary endpoint. Results for accrued duration of remission and the components of remission are also shown in Table 8. Table 8. Remission and components of remission in EGPA Remission (OCS≤4 mg/day + BVAS=0) OCS≤4 mg/day BVAS=0 Benra a N=70 Mepo b N=70 Benra a N=70 Mepo b N=70 Benra a N=70 Mepo b N=70 Patients in remission at both Weeks 36 and 48 Patients, n (%) c 40 (58) 40 (57) 42 (61) 41 (58) 58 (83) 59 (84) Differences in remission rate (%) c (95% CI) (p-value) 1.21 (-14.12, 16.53) (0.88) d 2.64 (-12.67, 17.95) (0.74) d e -1.17 (-13.27, 10.94) (0.85) d e Accrued duration over 52 weeks, n (%) 0 weeks f >0 to <12 weeks 12 to <24 weeks 24 to <36 weeks ≥36 weeks 9 (13) 13 (19) 8 (11) 20 (29) 20 (29) 15 (21) 10 (14) 8 (11) 19 (27) 18 (26) 9 (13) 11 (16) 9 (13) 19 (27) 22 (31) 12 (17) 12 (17) 8 (11) 18 (26) 20 (29) 0 0 2 (3) 6 (9) 62 (89) 0 2 (3) 2 (3) 7 (10) 59 (84) N=number of patients in analysis. a. Benralizumab (Benra) 30 mg administered every 4 weeks. b. Mepolizumab (Mepo) 300 mg administered every 4 weeks. c. Model adjusted percentages. d. Used for superiority testing. e. Not formally tested in a pre-specified multiplicity testing procedure. f. Did not achieve remission at any point. The proportion of patients achieving remission within the first 24 weeks of treatment and remaining in remission through Week 52 was 42% for benralizumab and 37% for mepolizumab (difference in responder rate 5.54%, 95% CI: -9.30, 20.37, nominal p-value 0.46). Using an alternative remission definition of BVAS=0 plus prednisolone/prednisone ≤7.5 mg/day, a consistent efficacy between groups for these endpoints was observed. Patients achieved the primary remission endpoint across the prespecified demographic and baseline characteristic subgroups. Relapse The hazard ratio for time to first relapse (vasculitis, asthma, or sino-nasal) was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.53, 1.82, nominal p-value 0.95). Relapse was observed in 30% of patients on benralizumab and 30% of patients on mepolizumab. The annualised relapse rate was 0.50 for patients receiving benralizumab versus 0.49 for patients receiving mepolizumab (rate ratio 1.03, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.90, nominal p-value 0.93). The types of relapse were consistent for patients receiving benralizumab or mepolizumab. Oral corticosteroids The average daily OCS dose during Weeks 48 to 52 is presented in Table 9. A 100% reduction in the OCS dose was observed in 41% of patients receiving benralizumab compared to 26% of those receiving mepolizumab (difference 15.69%, 95% CI: 0.67, 30.71, nominal p-value 0.04). Table 9. Average daily oral corticosteroid dose during weeks 48 to 52 in EGPA Number (%) of Patients Benralizumab a (N=70) Mepolizumab b (N=70) 0 mg >0 to ≤4.0 mg >4.0 to ≤7.5 mg >7.5 mg 29 (41) 19 (27) 15 (21) 7 (10) 19 (27) 30 (43) 13 (19) 8 (11) N=number of patients in analysis. a. Benralizumab 30 mg administered every 4 weeks. b. Mepolizumab 300 mg administered every 4 weeks. Asthma Control Questionnaire-6 (ACQ-6) The ACQ-6 mean change from baseline was -0.57 for benralizumab versus -0.61 for mepolizumab (difference 0.05, 95% CI: -0.18, 0.27, nominal p-value 0.67). Immunogenicity Overall, treatment‑emergent anti‑drug antibody (ADA) response developed in 107 out of 809 (13%) patients with asthma treated with benralizumab at the recommended dose regimen during the 48 to 56 week treatment period of the phase 3 placebo‑controlled exacerbation trials. Most antibodies were neutralising and persistent. Anti‑benralizumab antibodies were associated with increased clearance of benralizumab and increased blood eosinophil levels in patients with ADA titres compared to antibody negative patients; in rare cases, blood eosinophil levels returned to pre‑treatment levels. Based on current patient follow-up, no evidence of an association of ADA with efficacy or safety was observed. Following a second year of treatment of these patients with asthma from the phase 3 placebo‑controlled trials, an additional 18 out of 510 (4%) had newly developed treatment-emergent antibodies. Overall, in patients who were ADA positive in the predecessor trials, titres remained stable or declined in the second year of treatment. No evidence of an association of ADA with efficacy or safety was observed. In patients with EGPA, treatment-emergent ADA response developed in 6 out of 67 (9%) patients treated with benralizumab during the Phase 3 active-controlled 52‑week treatment period. Neutralising antibody activity was detected in one of the ADA positive patients. Paediatric population Asthma There were 108 adolescents aged 12 to 17 with asthma enrolled in the phase 3 trials (Trial 1: n=53, Trial 2: n=55). Of these, 46 received placebo, 40 received benralizumab every 4 weeks for 3 doses, followed by every 8 weeks thereafter, and 22 received benralizumab every 4 weeks. In these trials, the asthma exacerbation rate in adolescent patients treated with benralizumab administered at the recommended dose regimen was 0.70 (n=40, 95% CI: 0.42, 1.18) compared to 0.41 for placebo (n=46, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.73) [rate ratio 1.70, 95% CI: 0.78, 3.69]. Adolescent patients aged 12 to 17 (n=86) from Trials 1 and 2 continued treatment with benralizumab in Trial 4 for up to 108 weeks. Efficacy and safety were consistent with the predecessor trials. In an open-label, uncontrolled pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of 48 weeks duration in a limited number of patients 6 to 11 years (n=28) with uncontrolled severe asthma, the magnitude of blood eosinophil depletion was similar to adults and adolescents. No conclusion can be drawn regarding asthma efficacy in the paediatric population (see section 4.2). The licensing authority has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with benralizumab in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in asthma (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with benralizumab in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in EGPA (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).