vet2026-04-17· By Dr. Stanislav Ozarchuk, PharmD, Clinical Pharmacy

Diabetes in Dogs and Cats: Insulin Choice, Monitoring and Remission Strategies

Q: How long does it take to stabilise a diabetic pet?

A: Initial stabilisation typically takes 2–6 weeks of dose adjustments, though some patients require several months. Expect BG curves or sensor checks every 1–2 weeks during this period, tapering to every 3–6 months once stable.

Q: My cat was diagnosed with diabetes. What is the chance of remission?

A: Published remission rates range from approximately 25 % to over 80 % depending on how quickly treatment begins, insulin type (glargine and ProZinc are associated with higher rates), dietary compliance, and concurrent disease. The best outcomes are seen in cats that start aggressive insulin therapy and a low-carbohydrate diet within a few days of diagnosis.

Q: Should I skip insulin if my pet does not eat?

A: Never skip insulin entirely without veterinary guidance, but a reduced dose (typically half the usual dose) may be appropriate if the pet eats less than half of its meal. If your pet refuses food entirely, contact your veterinarian before giving any insulin — inappetence in a diabetic patient may indicate a medical emergency.

Q: My dog has been diagnosed with cataracts from diabetes. Will they go away with insulin treatment?

A: Diabetic cataracts in dogs are irreversible once formed. Insulin therapy prevents further progression and preserves remaining vision, but established lens opacity requires surgical removal (phacoemulsification) for vision restoration. Early referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist is recommended.

Q: How important is diet in managing feline diabetes?

A: Critically important. Transitioning to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet (canned/wet food is typically lower in carbohydrate than dry kibble) is considered a foundational component of feline diabetic management and remission protocols. Some cats achieve remission with dietary change plus a short course of insulin. In dogs, dietary consistency and moderate fibre content matter more than strict carbohydrate restriction. ---

TL;DR

Dogs almost always develop insulin-dependent (type-1-like) diabetes and require lifelong insulin — most commonly porcine lente insulin (Vetsulin/Caninsulin) or NPH.

Cats typically develop type-2-like diabetes; ProZinc (protamine zinc insulin) and glargine offer the best chance of diabetic remission — reported in 25–80 % of newly diagnosed cats managed aggressively.

Bexagliflozin (Bexacat), the first oral SGLT2 inhibitor for feline diabetes, was FDA-approved in 2023 — an option for cats whose owners cannot inject insulin, but carries a risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Home blood-glucose (BG) curves and flash glucose monitoring (FreeStyle Libre) have largely replaced in-clinic curves for safer, more accurate glycaemic assessment.

Fructosamine complements spot glucose but should never replace serial BG data.

Understanding Diabetes in Dogs and Cats

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrinopathies in companion animals, affecting an estimated 0.3–1.2 % of dogs and 0.2–1.0 % of cats presented to first-opinion veterinary practices (Catchpole et al., Vet Rec 2005; O'Neill et al., J Vet Intern Med 2016). Despite superficial similarities, the pathophysiology diverges sharply between the two species, and this divergence drives almost every decision about insulin selection, monitoring targets, and long-term prognosis.

Dogs — insulin-dependent diabetes

The canine form resembles human type-1 diabetes. Progressive immune-mediated or idiopathic destruction of pancreatic beta cells leads to absolute insulin deficiency. By the time clinical signs appear — polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, polyphagia — beta-cell mass is typically reduced beyond recovery. Genetic predisposition has been documented in Samoyeds, Australian Terriers, Miniature Schnauzers, and Pugs (Guptill et al., J Vet Intern Med 2003). Intact females face additional risk because progesterone-induced growth hormone secretion from the mammary gland accelerates insulin resistance; early ovariohysterectomy is considered part of diabetic management in intact bitches.

Cats — type-2-like diabetes

Feline diabetes mellitus most closely parallels human type-2 diabetes. Two concurrent defects — peripheral insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction (often with islet amyloid polypeptide deposition) — produce a relative insulin deficiency that may be reversible. Obesity is the single largest modifiable risk factor: overweight cats are approximately four times more likely to develop diabetes than lean cats (Scarlett and Donoghue, Int J Obes 1998). Burmese cats carry a breed-specific susceptibility. This type-2-like pathophysiology opens the door to diabetic remission — a concept that has no meaningful parallel in dogs.

Insulin Options: Head-to-Head Comparison

Choosing the right insulin preparation is the most consequential pharmacological decision in diabetic management. The table below summarises veterinary-licensed and commonly used off-label insulins for dogs and cats based on current AAHA (2018), ISFM (2015), and ACVIM consensus recommendations.

Insulin	Type	Species licensed	Typical starting dose	Duration of action	Key notes
Porcine lente (Vetsulin / Caninsulin)	Intermediate (40 % amorphous, 60 % crystalline)	Dogs, cats (EU)	Dog: 0.25–0.5 IU/kg q12h; Cat: 1–2 IU/cat q12h	8–14 h (dog), 6–12 h (cat)	Only veterinary-licensed insulin in the US for dogs. Porcine insulin is identical to canine insulin.
NPH (isophane)	Intermediate	Off-label	Dog: 0.25–0.5 IU/kg q12h	6–12 h (dog)	Acceptable alternative in dogs; shorter duration in cats limits usefulness. Available in U-100 concentration.
Protamine zinc (ProZinc)	Long-acting	Cats (US, EU); Dogs (US, 2019)	Cat: 1–2 IU/cat q12h; Dog: 0.2–0.5 IU/kg q12h	10–16 h (cat), 10–14 h (dog)	Veterinary U-40 formulation. ISFM first-line recommendation for cats alongside glargine.
Insulin glargine (Lantus, Toujeo)	Long-acting analogue	Off-label	Cat: 1–2 IU/cat q12h (or 0.25–0.5 IU/kg)	12–24 h (cat)	Preferred by many feline internists for remission protocols. U-100 or U-300 concentration — use appropriate syringes.
Insulin detemir (Levemir)	Long-acting analogue	Off-label	Cat: 0.5–1 IU/cat q12h; Dog: 0.1–0.2 IU/kg q12h	12–24 h	Potent — lower starting doses required. Some evidence for remission in cats. Higher cost.
Bexagliflozin (Bexacat)	Oral SGLT2 inhibitor	Cats (US, 2023)	15 mg PO once daily	Continuous (oral)	Not insulin. First oral therapy for feline diabetes. Contraindicated in cats with DKA, pancreatitis, or inappetence. See dedicated section below.

Key clinical takeaway: Porcine lente insulin remains the workhorse for canine diabetes. For cats, glargine or ProZinc administered twice daily alongside a low-carbohydrate diet offers the highest reported remission rates.

Dosing and Practical Use

Starting insulin in dogs

The AAHA 2018 Diabetes Management Guidelines recommend initiating porcine lente insulin (Vetsulin) at 0.25 IU/kg twice daily with food. For dogs over 25 kg, some clinicians cap the initial dose at around 0.25 IU/kg to minimise hypoglycaemia risk, increasing in 10–25 % increments every 5–7 days based on BG curve data. NPH at equivalent doses is an acceptable alternative; however, its shorter and more variable action profile in dogs may necessitate more frequent dose adjustments.

Concurrent ovariohysterectomy in intact diabetic bitches is strongly recommended, as diestrus-associated insulin resistance can render glycaemic control nearly impossible.

Starting insulin in cats

Both the ISFM 2015 Guidelines and the AAHA 2018 Guidelines support initiating either ProZinc at 1–2 IU/cat q12h or glargine at 1–2 IU/cat q12h alongside a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet (target: < 12 % metabolisable energy from carbohydrate). Dose adjustments should occur no more frequently than every 5–7 days, guided by serial BG measurements.

Parameter	Dog target	Cat target
Pre-prandial BG	5.0–13.9 mmol/L (90–250 mg/dL)	5.0–16.7 mmol/L (90–300 mg/dL) initial; tighten to 4.4–11.1 mmol/L (80–200 mg/dL) once stable
BG nadir (lowest point on curve)	> 4.4 mmol/L (80 mg/dL)	> 3.3 mmol/L (60 mg/dL)
Fructosamine	350–450 µmol/L (acceptable control)	350–450 µmol/L (acceptable control); < 350 µmol/L suggests risk of hypoglycaemia
Water intake	< 60 mL/kg/day	< 45 mL/kg/day

Syringe caution: Vetsulin and ProZinc are U-40 formulations. Glargine and detemir are U-100. Mixing syringe types causes life-threatening dosing errors. Always dispense the correct syringe with the correct insulin.

Dietary management

In dogs, a high-fibre, moderate-carbohydrate diet slows postprandial glucose absorption. In cats, the opposite approach applies — low carbohydrate, high protein — reflecting the obligate carnivore's evolutionary metabolism and the type-2-like pathophysiology. Multiple commercial veterinary diabetic diets are available; consistency in brand, amount, and timing is more important than the specific product.

Bexagliflozin (Bexacat): The First Oral Feline Diabetes Therapy

In December 2022, the FDA Centre for Veterinary Medicine granted conditional approval to bexagliflozin (Bexacat, Elanco) — the first sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor licensed for veterinary use, with full approval following in 2023. The drug offers once-daily oral dosing (15 mg tablet) for cats with previously untreated diabetes mellitus, a genuine paradigm shift for owners who cannot or will not administer insulin injections.

Mechanism

SGLT2 inhibitors block renal glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, producing glycosuria and lowering blood glucose independently of insulin secretion. This insulin-independent mechanism also carries an inherent risk: because SGLT2 inhibitors do not address the underlying insulin deficit, cats with significant beta-cell loss can develop euglycaemic or hyperglycaemic DKA despite seemingly acceptable blood glucose readings.

Candidate selection

Bexacat is not a universal replacement for insulin. According to the FDA label and Elanco prescribing guidance:

Appropriate candidates: otherwise healthy cats with newly diagnosed, uncomplicated diabetes, adequate appetite, no ketonuria, and owners who cannot give injections.
Contraindicated: cats with DKA or ketonuria, pancreatitis, significant concurrent illness (e.g., chronic kidney disease IRIS stage ≥ 3), inappetence, or prior insulin therapy within the last 30 days (relative contraindication).

Monitoring

Owners must perform daily urine ketone testing for at least the first two months and intermittently thereafter. Any positive ketone result, reduced appetite, vomiting, or lethargy mandates immediate veterinary assessment and potential transition to injectable insulin. Weight loss monitoring is critical — SGLT2 inhibitors cause obligatory caloric loss via glycosuria, which can precipitate dangerous weight loss in already-thin cats.

Safety red flag: Bexacat-treated cats that develop anorexia for > 24 hours must be evaluated for DKA immediately, even if blood glucose is within the normal range. Euglycaemic DKA is a recognised and potentially fatal complication of SGLT2 inhibitor therapy.

Monitoring: Blood Glucose Curves, Fructosamine, and Flash Glucose Monitoring

Effective glycaemic monitoring is the cornerstone of successful diabetic management. The traditional in-clinic BG curve — sampling every 2 hours for 12 hours — remains a reference standard but suffers from stress-induced hyperglycaemia (particularly in cats), cost, and practical limitations.

Home blood glucose curves

Both AAHA and ISFM guidelines now endorse home BG monitoring using portable veterinary glucometers (e.g., AlphaTRAK). Owners sample from the ear marginal vein (cats) or lip/ear (dogs) every 2–4 hours to generate a curve in the pet's normal environment. This eliminates the "white coat effect" that can add 2–5 mmol/L (36–90 mg/dL) to feline glucose readings in a veterinary clinic.

Flash glucose monitoring (FreeStyle Libre)

The FreeStyle Libre system — a small sensor placed on the pet's skin (typically the dorsolateral thorax or neck) — has transformed diabetic monitoring in veterinary medicine. The sensor measures interstitial glucose every minute and stores 8 hours of data, which can be scanned with a reader or smartphone.

Advantages:

Provides a continuous 14-day glucose profile — hundreds of data points versus 6–8 from a traditional curve.
Eliminates repeated venipuncture and associated stress.
Reveals nocturnal hypoglycaemia and the Somogyi effect (rebound hyperglycaemia after undetected hypoglycaemia) that spot checks miss.

Limitations:

A ~15-minute lag between interstitial and blood glucose. During rapidly falling glucose, the sensor may overestimate actual BG.
Sensor displacement (cats are adept at removing them).
Cost — though decreasing — may not be feasible for all owners.
Off-label use in veterinary medicine; sensors are calibrated for human physiology, and readings should be corroborated with a veterinary glucometer during the initial calibration period.

Fructosamine

Serum fructosamine reflects average glycaemia over the preceding 1–3 weeks (the lifespan of glycated serum proteins). It is useful as a trend indicator and an honesty check on home monitoring, but it cannot reveal daily glucose excursions, nadirs, or the Somogyi effect. Values should be interpreted in context:

< 350 µmol/L: possible occult hypoglycaemia — reduce insulin dose.
350–450 µmol/L: acceptable glycaemic control.
450–550 µmol/L: fair control — consider dose adjustment.
> 550 µmol/L: poor control — reassess insulin type, dose, compliance, and concurrent disease.

Fructosamine can be falsely low in hyperthyroid or hypoproteinaemic cats and falsely elevated in dehydrated patients.

Feline Diabetic Remission

Diabetic remission — defined as the maintenance of euglycaemia without exogenous insulin for ≥ 4 weeks — is achievable in a substantial proportion of newly diagnosed diabetic cats. Published remission rates vary widely (25–84 %) depending on insulin type, dietary intervention, speed of diagnosis-to-treatment, and case selection criteria (Roomp and Rand, J Vet Intern Med 2009; Marshall et al., J Feline Med Surg 2009).

Factors favouring remission

Early, intensive insulin therapy — starting glargine or detemir within days of diagnosis at adequate doses.
Low-carbohydrate diet — strict adherence to < 12 % ME from carbohydrate.
Resolution of concurrent insulin resistance — treating infection, discontinuing glucocorticoids, managing hyperthyroidism, achieving weight loss in obese cats.
Short duration of clinical signs before treatment initiation.
Absence of diabetic neuropathy at presentation.
BG nadir < 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) within the first week of therapy.

The Roomp-Rand tight-regulation protocol

The best-studied remission protocol uses glargine insulin with the following general approach:

Start at 0.5 IU/kg (or 1–2 IU/cat) q12h alongside a low-carbohydrate diet.
Perform BG curves (home-based or FreeStyle Libre) every 3–7 days.
Dose adjustments follow pre-feed BG: if pre-feed BG is consistently < 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) and nadir is approaching 4–5 mmol/L (72–90 mg/dL), gradually reduce the dose.
When the insulin dose reaches 0.5–1 IU/cat q12h with pre-feed BG consistently < 10 mmol/L, a supervised insulin withdrawal trial is attempted.
Continue monitoring for at least 4 weeks post-withdrawal. Relapse is common (approximately 25–30 % within the first year) and owners must be prepared to resume insulin.

Clinical pearl: Dogs do not achieve remission through the same mechanism. Canine diabetes is insulin-dependent at the time of diagnosis. Occasional transient improvement (the "honeymoon phase") may occur in dogs with concurrent progesterone-driven insulin resistance that resolves after ovariohysterectomy, or in dogs with transient pancreatitis-associated hyperglycaemia, but true sustained remission is exceedingly rare.

Complications, Contraindications, and Interactions

Acute complications

Complication	Species	Signs	Immediate action
Hypoglycaemia	Dog, Cat	Weakness, tremor, ataxia, seizures, coma	Rub corn syrup/honey on gums; do not give insulin; seek veterinary emergency care
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)	Dog, Cat	Vomiting, anorexia, dehydration, Kussmaul breathing, ketone odour	Emergency hospitalisation — IV regular insulin, aggressive fluid therapy, electrolyte correction
Somogyi effect	Dog, Cat	Persistent hyperglycaemia despite increasing insulin doses	Perform full BG curve; reduce (not increase) insulin dose
Euglycaemic DKA (Bexacat)	Cat	Lethargy, inappetence, vomiting with normal-to-mildly elevated BG	Discontinue bexagliflozin; emergency DKA treatment

Chronic complications

Diabetic neuropathy — predominantly feline. Plantigrade stance (walking on hocks) due to peripheral nerve demyelination. Often improves with glycaemic control; methylcobalamin supplementation may be beneficial (Mizisin et al., J Vet Intern Med 2002).
Diabetic cataracts — predominantly canine. Osmotic lens swelling from sorbitol accumulation. Develops rapidly — sometimes within weeks of diagnosis. Phacoemulsification surgery is curative if performed before lens-induced uveitis develops. Cats rarely develop diabetic cataracts.
Urinary tract infections — glucosuria predisposes to bacterial cystitis. Routine urine cultures are recommended at diagnosis and during follow-up, as clinical signs may be masked.

Drug interactions and cautions

Glucocorticoids — the most common cause of iatrogenic insulin resistance. Avoid where possible; when required (e.g., for inflammatory bowel disease), increase monitoring frequency and anticipate insulin dose increases of 50–100 % or more.
Progestogens (megestrol acetate) — used as an appetite stimulant in cats; can precipitate diabetes. Contraindicated in diabetic or prediabetic cats.
Alpha-2 agonists (medetomidine, dexmedetomidine) — inhibit insulin secretion and cause marked transient hyperglycaemia. Use with caution during anaesthesia of diabetic patients.
Phenobarbital — commonly used in epileptic dogs; may contribute to insulin resistance at higher serum concentrations.

Red Flags — When to Seek Emergency Veterinary Care

Owners of diabetic dogs and cats must recognise the following situations that require immediate veterinary attention:

Hypoglycaemia signs: trembling, disorientation, weakness, collapse, seizures. Apply oral glucose (corn syrup, honey) and transport immediately.
Vomiting or complete anorexia lasting > 24 hours — high suspicion for DKA, particularly in Bexacat-treated cats.
Rapid-onset lethargy or dehydration — may indicate DKA or concurrent disease (pancreatitis, infection).
Acetone/fruity odour on breath — suggests ketosis.
New-onset plantigrade stance in cats (walking on hocks) — indicates diabetic neuropathy; glycaemic control needs urgent reassessment.
Sudden blindness in dogs — likely diabetic cataracts; early surgical referral improves outcomes.
Insulin dose exceeding 1.0–1.5 IU/kg q12h without glycaemic control — investigate concurrent disease (hyperadrenocorticism, infection, acromegaly in cats).

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Can I use human insulin for my dog or cat? A: Yes — glargine, detemir, and NPH are human insulin products widely used off-label in veterinary medicine. However, the correct syringe type (U-100) must match the insulin concentration. ProZinc and Vetsulin are U-40 formulations requiring U-40 syringes. Always follow your veterinarian's specific dispensing instructions.

Q: How long does it take to stabilise a diabetic pet? A: Initial stabilisation typically takes 2–6 weeks of dose adjustments, though some patients require several months. Expect BG curves or sensor checks every 1–2 weeks during this period, tapering to every 3–6 months once stable.

Q: My cat was diagnosed with diabetes. What is the chance of remission? A: Published remission rates range from approximately 25 % to over 80 % depending on how quickly treatment begins, insulin type (glargine and ProZinc are associated with higher rates), dietary compliance, and concurrent disease. The best outcomes are seen in cats that start aggressive insulin therapy and a low-carbohydrate diet within a few days of diagnosis.

Q: Is Bexacat (bexagliflozin) safer than insulin for my cat? A: Bexacat avoids injection-related hypoglycaemia, which is its primary safety advantage. However, it carries a risk of DKA — including euglycaemic DKA — that can be fatal. It requires daily urine ketone monitoring and is not appropriate for cats with concurrent illness. For many feline internists, insulin remains the first-line therapy; Bexacat is best reserved for situations where owners genuinely cannot administer injections.

Q: Can a FreeStyle Libre sensor be used on dogs? A: Yes, flash glucose monitoring is used in both dogs and cats, though it is off-label in both species. Sensor placement on the dorsolateral trunk or neck works well for most dogs. Readings correlate reasonably with venous BG but should be verified with a glucometer periodically.

Q: Should I skip insulin if my pet does not eat? A: Never skip insulin entirely without veterinary guidance, but a reduced dose (typically half the usual dose) may be appropriate if the pet eats less than half of its meal. If your pet refuses food entirely, contact your veterinarian before giving any insulin — inappetence in a diabetic patient may indicate a medical emergency.

Q: My dog has been diagnosed with cataracts from diabetes. Will they go away with insulin treatment? A: Diabetic cataracts in dogs are irreversible once formed. Insulin therapy prevents further progression and preserves remaining vision, but established lens opacity requires surgical removal (phacoemulsification) for vision restoration. Early referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist is recommended.

Q: How important is diet in managing feline diabetes? A: Critically important. Transitioning to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet (canned/wet food is typically lower in carbohydrate than dry kibble) is considered a foundational component of feline diabetic management and remission protocols. Some cats achieve remission with dietary change plus a short course of insulin. In dogs, dietary consistency and moderate fibre content matter more than strict carbohydrate restriction.

References

Behrend E, Holford A, Lathan P, Rucinsky R, Schulman R. 2018 AAHA Diabetes Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2018;54(1):1–21. PMID: 29314873.
Sparkes AH, Cannon M, Church D, et al. ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Practical Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2015;17(3):235–250. PMID: 25701862.
Roomp K, Rand J. Intensive blood glucose control is safe and effective in diabetic cats using home monitoring and treatment with glargine. J Feline Med Surg. 2009;11(8):668–682. PMID: 19386498.
Marshall RD, Rand JS, Morton JM. Treatment of newly diagnosed diabetic cats with glargine insulin improves glycaemic control and results in higher probability of remission than protamine zinc and lente insulins. J Feline Med Surg. 2009;11(8):683–691. PMID: 19564154.
Gilor C, Graves TK. Synthetic insulin analogs and their use in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010;40(2):297–307. PMID: 20219490.
FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine. Bexacat (bexagliflozin tablets) — Freedom of Information Summary. Original conditional approval December 2022; full approval 2023.
Catchpole B, Ristic JM, Fleeman LM, Davison LJ. Canine diabetes mellitus: can old dogs teach us new tricks? Diabetologia. 2005;48(10):1948–1956. PMID: 16151773.
Guptill L, Glickman L, Glickman N. Time trends and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in dogs: analysis of veterinary medical data base records (1970–1999). Vet J. 2003;165(3):240–247. PMID: 12672370.
O'Neill DG, Gostelow R, Emi-Reynolds C, et al. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among 193,435 cats attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(4):964–972. PMID: 27353396.
Mizisin AP, Shelton GD, Burgers ML, Powell HC, Bhatt RS. Neurological complications associated with spontaneously occurring feline diabetic neuropathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002;61(10):872–884. PMID: 12387453.
Corradini S, Pilosio B, Dondi F, et al. Accuracy of a flash glucose monitoring system in diabetic dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(4):983–988. PMID: 27311874.

About the Author

Dr. Stanislav Ozarchuk, PharmD, is a clinical pharmacist with fifteen years of experience spanning hospital, community, and consultative pharmacy practice. He serves as a senior medical writer for PillsCard.com, where he translates complex pharmacological evidence into accessible, rigorously referenced content for patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals worldwide. His areas of particular interest include comparative pharmacology, endocrine therapeutics, and evidence-based medication safety. Dr. Ozarchuk holds his Doctor of Pharmacy degree and maintains active continuing education in both human and veterinary pharmacotherapy.

Medical Disclaimer

The information provided in this article is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute veterinary medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. It is not a substitute for professional veterinary consultation. Always seek the advice of a qualified veterinarian with any questions you may have regarding your pet's medical condition. Never disregard professional veterinary advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. Medication dosages, protocols, and recommendations discussed herein are based on published guidelines and peer-reviewed literature available at the time of writing and may not reflect the most current evidence. PillsCard.com and the author assume no liability for actions taken based on the content of this article. If your pet is experiencing a medical emergency, contact your veterinarian or an emergency veterinary hospital immediately.

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